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集合</h1><div id="post-meta"><div class="meta-firstline"><span class="post-meta-date"><i class="far fa-calendar-alt fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">发表于</span><time class="post-meta-date-created" datetime="2023-03-01T02:55:01.000Z" title="发表于 2023-03-01 10:55:01">2023-03-01</time><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-history fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">更新于</span><time class="post-meta-date-updated" datetime="2023-03-14T00:56:42.115Z" title="更新于 2023-03-14 08:56:42">2023-03-14</time></span><span class="post-meta-categories"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/categories/Python/">Python</a></span></div><div class="meta-secondline"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-wordcount"><i class="far fa-file-word fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">字数总计:</span><span class="word-count">401</span><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="far fa-clock fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读时长:</span><span>1分钟</span></span><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-pv-cv" id="" data-flag-title="Python基础 - 集合"><i class="far fa-eye fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读量:</span><span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"><i class="fa-solid fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span></span></div></div></div></header><main class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="post-content" id="article-container"><h1 id="Python基础-集合"><a href="#Python基础-集合" class="headerlink" title="Python基础 - 集合"></a>Python基础 - 集合</h1><h2 id="dict"><a href="#dict" class="headerlink" title="dict"></a>dict</h2><p>类似于Java的Map</p>
<h3 id="定义"><a href="#定义" class="headerlink" title="定义"></a>定义</h3><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">d = &#123;<span class="string">&#x27;Michael&#x27;</span>: <span class="number">95</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;Bob&#x27;</span>: <span class="number">75</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;Tracy&#x27;</span>: <span class="number">85</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="取值"><a href="#取值" class="headerlink" title="取值"></a>取值</h3><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">d[<span class="string">&#x27;Michael&#x27;</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>如果key，不存在，就会报错</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">&quot;C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\pythonProject\forp.py&quot;</span>, line <span class="number">29</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">    d[<span class="string">&#x27;Jason&#x27;</span>]</span><br><span class="line">KeyError: <span class="string">&#x27;Jason&#x27;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>解决办法：</p>
<ol>
<li>通过 <code>in</code>判断key是否存在<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="string">&#x27;Tomas&#x27;</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> d</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># False</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li>通过<code>get()</code>方法，如果key存在，可以返回<code>None</code>,或者自己指定的值。</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(d.get(<span class="string">&#x27;Tomas&#x27;</span>)  <span class="comment"># None</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(d.get(<span class="string">&#x27;Tomas&#x27;</span>, -<span class="number">1</span>)) <span class="comment"># -1</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>注意：返回<code>None</code>的时候Python的交互环境不显示结果。</p>
<h3 id="删除"><a href="#删除" class="headerlink" title="删除"></a>删除</h3><p>要删除一个key，用<code>pop(key)</code>方法，对应的value也会从dict中删除：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">d.pop(<span class="string">&#x27;Bob&#x27;</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>如果pop的元素不存在，就会报出异常</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> d.pop(<span class="string">&#x27;a&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line">  File <span class="string">&quot;C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\pythonProject\forp.py&quot;</span>, line <span class="number">26</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> &lt;module&gt;</span><br><span class="line">    d.pop(<span class="string">&#x27;a&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">KeyError: <span class="string">&#x27;a&#x27;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>可以在pop()方法里添加一个默认值</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">d.pop(<span class="string">&#x27;a&#x27;</span>, <span class="number">0</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>请务必注意，dict内部存放的顺序和key放入的顺序是没有关系的。</p>
<p>和list比较，dict有以下几个特点：</p>
<ol>
<li>查找和插入的速度极快，不会随着key的增加而变慢；</li>
<li>需要占用大量的内存，内存浪费多。</li>
</ol>
<p>而list相反：</p>
<ol>
<li>查找和插入的时间随着元素的增加而增加；</li>
<li>占用空间小，浪费内存很少。</li>
</ol>
<p>所以，dict是用空间来换取时间的一种方法。</p>
<h2 id="set"><a href="#set" class="headerlink" title="set"></a>set</h2><p>set和dict类似，也是一组key的集合，但不存储value。由于key不能重复，所以，在set中，没有重复的key。</p>
</article><div class="post-copyright"><div class="post-copyright__author"><span class="post-copyright-meta">文章作者: </span><span class="post-copyright-info"><a href="https://devsu.top">Carl Su</a></span></div><div class="post-copyright__type"><span class="post-copyright-meta">文章链接: </span><span class="post-copyright-info"><a href="https://devsu.top/posts/a8878c51/">https://devsu.top/posts/a8878c51/</a></span></div><div class="post-copyright__notice"><span class="post-copyright-meta">版权声明: </span><span class="post-copyright-info">本博客所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0</a> 许可协议。转载请注明来自 <a href="https://devsu.top" target="_blank">码行</a>！</span></div></div><div class="tag_share"><div class="post-meta__tag-list"><a class="post-meta__tags" href="/tags/Python/">Python</a></div><div class="post_share"><div class="social-share" data-image="https://s2.loli.net/2023/03/13/E9A6ZJyeHGj3pNb.png" data-sites="facebook,twitter,wechat,weibo,qq"></div><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/butterfly-extsrc/sharejs/dist/css/share.min.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/butterfly-extsrc/sharejs/dist/js/social-share.min.js" defer></script></div></div><nav class="pagination-post" id="pagination"><div class="prev-post pull-left"><a href="/posts/f7c8ca0c/" title="Python基础 - 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集合</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#dict"><span class="toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">dict</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89"><span class="toc-number">1.1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">定义</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8F%96%E5%80%BC"><span class="toc-number">1.1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">取值</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%88%A0%E9%99%A4"><span class="toc-number">1.1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">删除</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#set"><span class="toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">set</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div></div></div></div></main><footer id="footer"><div id="footer-wrap"><div class="copyright">&copy;2018 - 2023 By Carl Su</div><div class="framework-info"><span>框架 </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://hexo.io">Hexo</a><span class="footer-separator">|</span><span>主题 </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/jerryc127/hexo-theme-butterfly">Butterfly</a></div><div class="footer_custom_text">学无止境</div></div></footer></div><div id="rightside"><div id="rightside-config-hide"><button id="readmode" type="button" title="阅读模式"><i class="fas fa-book-open"></i></button><button id="translateLink" type="button" title="简繁转换">繁</button><button id="darkmode" type="button" title="浅色和深色模式转换"><i class="fas fa-adjust"></i></button><button id="hide-aside-btn" type="button" title="单栏和双栏切换"><i class="fas fa-arrows-alt-h"></i></button></div><div id="rightside-config-show"><button id="rightside_config" type="button" title="设置"><i class="fas fa-cog fa-spin"></i></button><button class="close" id="mobile-toc-button" type="button" title="目录"><i class="fas fa-list-ul"></i></button><button id="chat_btn" type="button" title="聊天"><i class="fas fa-sms"></i></button><a id="to_comment" href="#post-comment" title="直达评论"><i class="fas fa-comments"></i></a><button id="go-up" type="button" title="回到顶部"><span class="scroll-percent"></span><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></button></div></div><div><script src="/js/utils.js"></script><script src="/js/main.js"></script><script src="/js/tw_cn.js"></script><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fancyapps/ui/dist/fancybox.umd.min.js"></script><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vanilla-lazyload/dist/lazyload.iife.min.js"></script><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/node-snackbar/dist/snackbar.min.js"></script><div class="js-pjax"><script>function loadValine () {
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